# Testing

## Learning Objectives

• Understand how to run a test suite using the pytest framework
• Understand how to read the output of a pytest test suite

We created a suite of tests for our rescale function, but it was annoying to run them one at a time. It would be a lot better if there were some way to run them all at once, just reporting which tests fail and which succeed.

Thankfully, that exists. Let us test the following function that we will put into a file preprocess.py:

def whiten(data):
"""
Return a whitened copy of the data, i.e. data with zero mean and unit
variance.

Parameters
----------
data : ndarray
The data to whiten.

Returns
-------
whitened : ndarray
The whitened data.
"""
centered = data - data.mean()
whitened = centered / data.std()
return whitened

We will test this function in a file test_whiten.py:

from numpy.testing.utils import assert_allclose, assert_equal
import numpy

from preprocess import whiten

def test_1d():
test_data = numpy.array([1, 3, 5, 7])
whitened = whiten(test_data)
assert_allclose(whitened.mean(), 0)
assert_allclose(whitened.std(), 1)
assert_allclose(whitened*test_data.std() + test_data.mean(),
test_data)
def test_2d():
test_data = numpy.array([[1, 3, 5, 7],
[2, 3, 4, 1]])
whitened = whiten(test_data)
assert_allclose(whitened.mean(), 0)
assert_allclose(whitened.std(), 1)
assert_allclose(whitened*test_data.std() + test_data.mean(),
test_data)

Now we can run the pytest utility in the directory where we stored the test file:

$py.test ================================= test session starts ================================== platform linux -- Python 3.5.1, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1 rootdir: [...], inifile: collected 2 items test_whiten.py .F ======================================= FAILURES ======================================= _______________________________________ test_2d ________________________________________ def test_2d(): test_data = numpy.array([[1, 3, 15], [12, 3, 4]]) whitened = whiten(test_data) > assert_allclose(whitened.mean(), 0) E AssertionError: E Not equal to tolerance rtol=1e-07, atol=0 E E (mismatch 100.0%) E x: array(6.47630097698008e-17) E y: array(0) test_whiten.py:17: AssertionError ========================== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.12 seconds ========================== In the above case, the pytest package ‘sniffed-out’ the tests in the directory and ran them together to produce a report of the sum of the files and functions matching having the name test_*. The major boon a testing framework provides is exactly that, a utility to find and run the tests automatically. With pytest, this is the command-line tool called py.test. When py.test is run, it will search all the directories whose names start or end with the word test, find all of the Python modules in these directories whose names start or end with test, import them, and run all of the functions and classes whose names start with test. This automatic registration of test code saves tons of human time and allows us to focus on what is important: writing more tests. When you run py.test, it will print first some general information about the setup and then the name of every test file togehter with a dot (.) for every test that passes, and an F for every test that fails. After the dots, py.test will print summary information. In the above case, our failing test case is actually a result of a test that is too strict. While we have thought of using assert_allclose instead of a == comparison, it tells us that the result is not equal to tolerance rtol=1e-07, atol=0. Apparently, the default absolute tolerance is 0 and only a relative tolerance is used. Normally, this should be fine, but it is obviously very strict when comparing to zero. Adding atol=1e-15 to our assertion should fix the test: ... assert_allclose(whitened.mean(), 0, atol=1e-15) ... $ py.test
================================= test session starts ==================================
platform linux -- Python 3.5.1, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
rootdir: [...], inifile:
collected 2 items

test_whiten.py ..

=============================== 2 passed in 0.10 seconds ===============================

Add more tests to test_whiten.py and take care of the edge cases.
As we write more code, we would write more tests, and py.test would produce more dots. Each passing test is a small, satisfying reward for having written quality scientific software.